Search results for "Total income"
showing 4 items of 4 documents
Distritos industriales y renta económica: el efecto distrito – renta
2019
En el presente trabajo se expone una primera aproximación al efecto distrito desde la variable de la renta económica, lo que se ha denominado efecto distrito – renta. Esta aproximación al fenómeno distritural se realiza desde la perspectiva del desarrollo local neomarshalliano para enfatizar la centralidad del distrito industrial como fuente de interpretaciones propias sobre el cambio económico y sujeto activo del mismo. A nivel empírico se realiza una aproximación a la contrastación de la existencia o no de efecto distrito – renta en los distritos industriales españoles para el año 2013; estos datos son analizados a través de la comparativa de la renta total, per cápita y por ocupado expre…
Poverty Reduction: The Paradox of the Endogenous Poverty Line
2007
When evaluating poverty, the relative poverty line may be considered as a percentage of the median income or it may be a percentage of the average income. It is proved that, with a poverty line relative to the median income, reducing poverty may become less costly in proportion to the total income as poverty increases (measured by the Sen, the Sen-Shorrocks-Thon or the Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty indexes) by passing from a Lorenz concentration curve to another curve associated with more poverty. This is obviously a paradox, although a largely overlooked one. However, it is shown that the paradox vanishes if the poverty line is relative to the average income. The demonstration is both exp…
Median vs. Mean in Poverty Alleviation
2011
When evaluating poverty, the relative poverty line may be taken as a percentage of either normalized median or normalized mean income. It is proved that, for any family of non-intersecting Lorenz curves, when the poverty line is set relative to the normalized median income, reducing poverty become less costly in proportion to the total income when inequality is great and increasing; a counter-example proves that such a change may be associated with greater poverty. However, when the poverty line is set relative to the normalized mean income, the relative cost of poverty alleviation always increases with inequality and poverty, as expected. One concludes that the poverty line should be taken…
Inequality in Spain 1973-91: Contribution to a regional database
2001
This paper provides the methodology and results of a database of inequality indices for the fifty provinces and seventeen regions of Spain on the basis of the Household Budget Surveys for the years 1973/74, 1980/81 and 1990/91. The inequality indicators considered are the indices of Gini, Theil (0), Theil (1) and Atkinson (1), as well as the distribution by deciles of the population. These indicators are drawn up for three variables: total income, total expenditure, and exclusively monetary expenditure. The variables are also expressed in terms of households, per capita and per capita equivalent. All are available on the Internet (http://www.ivie.es).